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Women should be tested for papilloma if condylomas of the external genitalia or other locations on the body are detected. The importance of this examination is explained by the widespread prevalence of this virus in the human population, its high contagiousness and the potential danger of papillomas to health. In this material we will tell you what tests are done for condylomas, how much the Digen test costs, and where it is better for women and men to go to get tested for HPV in Moscow.
Risk factors for developing cervical cancer include infection with the human papillomavirus. In gynecology, the degree of risk depends on which strain of HPV is found in the body. They are transmitted through sexual contact, as well as through household contact and cause damage to the mucous membranes of the vagina and cervix in women. The most relatively harmless of them are genital warts, the most dangerous are cervical cancer. Oncology can only be caused by types belonging to the high carcinogenic risk group. It has been clinically proven that types 16 and 18 of high oncogenic risk HPV types (genotypes) can lead to cancer.
Detailed description of the study
HIGH RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT (causes CANCER of the cervix, rectum, penis, head, neck, lungs).
AN INDIVIDUAL QUALITATIVE RESULT IS PROVIDED FOR EACH TYPE.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to subgroup A of the papovirus family (Papoviridae). HPV reproduction occurs in the nuclei of cells, where viral DNA is present in the form of an episome. This is the first feature that distinguishes HPV from other oncogenic DNA viruses that can integrate their genome into the DNA of a transformed cell. The second feature is that the state of the host cell regulates the expression of the viral genome. However, the viral gene responsible for cellular DNA replication can also be transcribed, causing the host cell to divide again and again along with the HPV, resulting in a productive type of inflammation. HPV infects epithelial cells, causing the appearance of skin warts and papillomas of the mucous membrane of the genitourinary, respiratory tract and digestive tract. The use of modern diagnostic algorithms and the widespread introduction of molecular biological methods have made it possible to detect dozens of types of papillomaviruses that differ in their epidemiological role. Currently, more than 60 types of HPV have been identified, specific in their affinity for various tissues. It is known that HPV type 2 primarily affects the skin, causing the appearance of warts. HPV types 6 and 11 are considered to be of low oncogenic risk and are associated with the development of genital warts (multiple growths of connective tissue covered with stratified squamous epithelium) and mild cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). For HPV type 11, an association with laryngeal condylomas has also been proven. 12 types of HPV of high oncogenic risk are specific for the anogenital area. HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 36, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, penetrating into the transition zone of the cervix, cause CIN I, II, III degrees and carcinoma. HPV of these types is found in 50-80% of samples with CIN II, III degrees and in 90% of invasive cancer. The number of DNA copies of human papillomaviruses in cervical samples depends on the severity of the lesion and the type of HPV. The method used in the Hemotest Laboratory is based on simultaneous amplification and detection in “real time”. Using it, you can detect HPV DNA of the main phylogenetic groups - A9 (16,31,33,35,52,58), A7 (18,39,45,59), A5/A6 (51,56) indicating the number of copies in 1 ml (quantitative method) and carry out genotyping of each of the 12 types of HPV of high oncogenic risk.
Algorithm for diagnosing HPV of high oncogenic risk, recommended by Gemotest Laboratory:
Section PCR diagnostics Stage 1 – screening A) Human papillomaviruses types 16, 31, 35, 39, 59 (qualit) B) Human papillomavirus types 18, 33, 45, 52, 58. 67 (qualit) Stage 2 – carried out after receiving a positive screening result A) Human papillomavirus - DNA groups: A9 (16,31,33,35,52,58), A7 (18,39,45,59), A5/A6 (51,56), ( quantity without genotyping) B) Human papillomavirus (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59) genotyping
Human papillomavirus HPV and cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. This family includes common and genetically diverse viruses that infect and damage epithelial cells (skin, mucous membranes of the anogenital area, oral cavity).
More than 130 HPV genotypes are known. According to clinical classification, they are divided into cutaneous and anogenital types of papillomaviruses. It is the anogenital types of HPV that cause damage to the mucous membranes of the vagina and cervix. The most harmless of these diseases are benign genital warts, the most dangerous is cervical cancer.
Human papillomaviruses are transmitted through sexual contact. With the onset of sexual activity, the vast majority of women become infected with this virus. It should be taken into account that the risk of HPV infection depends on the number of sexual partners and on the sexual behavior of the only partner (the prevalence of HPV in men is approximately equal to the prevalence in women).
Human papillomavirus infection itself is not a disease. After 6-18 months, in ~80% of infected women, the virus leaves the body on its own, without any treatment, without causing illness (spontaneous elimination). And only a small percentage of women with chronic (persistent) infection caused by highly oncogenic HPV genotypes may develop cervical cancer after 10-20 years. It seems that there is enough time for successful diagnosis and treatment, but there is no need to relax.
Human papillomavirus infection is very insidious, and the precancerous changes associated with it, as a rule, not only do not cause any concern or discomfort, but are often not detected during a routine gynecological examination.
Therefore, to detect human papillomavirus infection, an HPV test using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method is used. The HPV test is a reliable doctor’s assistant: detection of papillomavirus and determination of its genotype allows you to determine further tactics for the management and treatment of a woman.
It should be taken into account that the identification of HPV of a high carcinogenic risk group in women is not the basis for making a diagnosis of a malignant tumor, but serves as a reason for further examination, more intensive monitoring and, if necessary, treatment of precancerous changes in the cervical mucosa.
The outcome of HPV infection depends on the genotype of the virus. All papillomaviruses are divided into groups according to “harmfulness” or “oncogenicity”. HPV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests detect all common and clinically significant HPV genotypes.
The low carcinogenic risk group includes HPV genotypes 6 and 11: they can cause genital warts and mild dysplasia. Analysis for HPV genotypes 6 and 11 is used for differential diagnosis with diseases of non-papillomavirus etiology and when examining pregnant women to assess the risk of developing laryngeal papillomatosis in newborns.
- Human papillomavirus 6/11, qualitative DNA determination, PCR
Genotypes 16 and 18 of papillomaviruses most often lead to cervical cancer. They, together with types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68, are included in the group of high carcinogenic risk. When conducting tests for human papillomavirus, it is these genotypes that you need to pay special attention to. The most important is DNA analysis of HPV types 16 and 18, especially if their con) is high. And the oncogenic potential of types 51 and 56 is not so great, so they are less dangerous, even if they are present in relatively large quantities in the HPV test.
- Human papillomavirus 16/18, qualitative DNA determination, PCR
- Human papillomavirus 16/18, DNA quantification, PCR
- Human papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68), total qualitative DNA determination, PCR
- Human papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59), qualitative determination of DNA indicating the type of virus
- Human papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68), total DNA quantification
- Extended HPV test (with determination of the amount and type of virus)
You can get tested for HPV in women using the PCR method (HPV test) yourself, without a doctor’s referral. If HPV infection is not detected (negative HPV test result), then the risk of developing cervical cancer is low. But you should remember that if you continue to be sexually active, the risk of HPV infection remains.
If the result of the HPV test is positive, HPV of high carcinogenic risk is detected, it is necessary to do an extended study to clarify the genotype of the virus (HPV analysis - typing) and the “viral load” (human papillomavirus - quantitative analysis). Then you need to contact a gynecologist for a colposcopy - an examination of the cervix under magnification using a special device - a colposcope.
All additional tests for human papillomavirus and other studies must be carried out as prescribed and under the supervision of a physician.
If damage to the cervical mucosa is detected at an early stage, preceding cancer, then treatment is more effective and has virtually no side effects. If no pathological changes are detected in the cervical mucosa, then there is no need for treatment: most likely, the body will cope with the virus on its own.
However, after 1 year, it is necessary to undergo repeated HPV testing and, if the virus is still present, to be examined again by a gynecologist.
Analysis for human papillomavirus (HPV) by PCR and cytological studies.
In Russia, the compulsory health insurance (CHI) system includes a cytological examination - “smear for oncocytology”. Are HPV tests necessary then?
The basis of modern screening programs for the early detection of cervical cancer is the Papanicolaou cytological examination (PAP test, Papanicolaou staining). Unfortunately, not all Russian medical institutions use this technique; very often other, less advanced methods of preparing (staining) a cytological smear are used.
In addition, it is important to know that the cytological method is not an analysis for the human papillomavirus. Cytology “does not see” the virus itself, but reveals epithelial cells that have already been changed under its influence, that is, clinical and subclinical forms of HPV infection. The cytological test also has very significant disadvantages - low sensitivity, subjectivity of interpretation and dependence of the result on the quality of the cytological smear.
That is why traditional cytological screening is characterized by a large number of false-negative and indeterminate results requiring repeated studies.
To reduce the possibility of errors, cytological tests have been improved - the liquid cytology method has been introduced. Liquid-based cytology is a new technology for preparing cell samples from the cervix for cytological examination. The advantages of this method are a reduction in the number of inadequate smears and artifacts, and the ability to avoid contamination of samples with inflammatory exudate and red blood cells, which ensures high quality cytological preparations. Today, it is this method of cytological screening for cervical diseases that is recommended by WHO (World Health Organization) as the “gold standard” for the study of cervical smears.
- Pap test liquid
According to the latest international and domestic recommendations, the combined use of HPV analysis (HPV PCR test) and cytological examination (PAP test) is the preferred method for the early detection of cervical cancer in women over 29 years of age. Such screening must be carried out regularly - once every 3 years.
- HPV-PAP test (set of tests: HPV extended with determination of the amount and type of virus + PAP test)
- HPV-PAP test liquid (set of tests: HPV extended with determination of the amount and type of virus + PAP test)
What else is prescribed with this study?
HPV 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59 type, DNA (HPV, PCR, genotyping) scraping, count.
19.57. Scraping 1 day
1,700 RUR Add to cart
HPV type 6/11, DNA (HPV, PCR, genotype determination) scraping, count.
19.89.1. Urogenital scraping 1 day
430 RUR Add to cart
Gynecological smear for flora
16.1. Scraping 2 days
620 RUR Add to cart
Liquid cytology of cervical and cervical canal scrapings (SurePath FocalPoint)
14.13. Scraping 3 days
990 RUR Add to cart
Examination of scrapings from the cervix (Papanicolaou test, Pap test)
14.11. Scraping 3 days
RUB 1,450 Add to cart
Preparing for HPV testing
Preparation for HPV testing depends on the research method chosen. Moreover, almost all tests are painless and atraumatic. When a swab (from the urethra or vagina) is taken for an HPV test, no special preparation is required. It is enough not to use antiviral and antibacterial agents (including those intended for intimate hygiene) for 3 days before visiting a doctor.
Before donating blood for HPV, you need to drink only water and not eat for at least 8 hours. Also, 2 days before donating the biomaterial, you must abstain from sexual intercourse.
How to get tested for HPV for a man
There are no particular differences between how to get tested for HPV for a man and a woman. Biomaterial is not collected from women during menstruation, or for 2–3 days after their end. It is also recommended not to use contraceptive ointments, sponges and gels for 3 days before the test, as this may affect the result. Both men and women should refrain from urinating for 2 hours before the test. Moreover, due to physiological characteristics for men, this requirement is more stringent.
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) - symptoms and treatment
In 90% of cases, a healthy human immune system copes with human papillomavirus infection on its own within a period of six months to two years from the moment of infection, after which a complete recovery occurs with the disappearance of the virus from the body. In this case, intense lifelong immunity is not formed, that is, a person can become infected again.
In other cases, in the presence of predisposing factors, the disease takes on a chronic form, prone to a long latent course with periodic relapses and the possible development of severe complications.
From the moment the virus enters the body to the development of precancerous conditions and, especially, the appearance of cancer, quite a long time can pass, sometimes tens of years. Therefore, regular preventive examinations, timely detection and treatment of precancerous conditions are a very real and effective way to avoid the worst case scenario.[13] To this end, the World Health Organization recommends that all women over 30 years of age undergo not only a “routine” cytological examination during initial screening, but also a test for the presence of HPV.[10]
Regular visits to the gynecologist (if there are no complaints - once a year) with a Pap test allows you to timely detect the initial signs of dysplasia and take all necessary measures to prevent the progression of the process and its transition to cancer.
The use of barrier contraception methods, although not completely protects against infection, somewhat reduces its likelihood.
The main method of primary prevention of human papillomavirus infection is vaccination . [11] Modern vaccines are developed to protect against the most dangerous, highly oncogenic strains of HPV, responsible for 70-80% of cases of cervical cancer. A standard course of three vaccinations provides quite reliable protection.
It is advisable to vaccinate children (girls, and boys to curb the spread of infection) from 9-10 to 17 years old, as well as young women (18-25 years old) before engaging in sexual activity, since the vaccine prevents infection, but is not a means of treatment. developed infection. If the patient is already sexually active, then before vaccination she needs to undergo testing for the presence of human papillomavirus infection. However, even if one of the strains included in the vaccine is identified, vaccination can still be carried out, since this is not a contraindication.
HPV – what do we know about it?
What is HPV?
Human papillomaviruses are a group of human papillomaviruses, consisting of 27 types of virus and more than 170 strains. At least 14 types of HPV are considered oncogenic, and types 16 and 18 cause 70% of cervical cancer. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by this virus.
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease. 80% of people in the world will be infected with the virus throughout their lives, 660 million people are already its carriers.
How is it transmitted?
HPV is transmitted in several ways:
- Sexual contact (including oral sex) is the main route of transmission of the virus;
- Through mucous membranes and microcracks in the skin;
- In everyday life (shared objects, handshake, touch).
The virus can live for some time in public places: baths, saunas, gyms, etc. It is also considered quite resistant to antiseptics.
How to detect it in the body?
Get screened for HPV. You can test for several specific strains of the virus or take a comprehensive test. Diagnosis of HPV is carried out using the PCR method.
What are the consequences of HPV infection?
The virus can lead to the formation of papillomas and warts (especially types 6 and 11), and high-risk HPV can lead to cervical cancer. There are also studies linking HPV to cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis and oropharynx. But many strains of HPV are not dangerous to health: often this infection disappears from the body on its own over several years and does not make itself felt in any way.
Do all HPVs lead to cancer?
No, only oncogenic types. This is especially true for types 16 and 18 of the virus, but in total there are at least 14 types of HPV of high oncogenic risk.
Can HPV be cured?
No, today there is not a single medicine with proven effectiveness that could cure HPV infection. You can treat only manifestations of the virus, for example, papillomas, and also undergo regular and timely examinations to prevent the development of precancerous changes in the cervix.
Note that in many medical institutions doctors prescribe antiviral drugs supposedly for HPV, but at the moment there is not a single drug that can really cure this infection.
But I was prescribed medication, and the virus disappeared.
In many cases, one’s own immunity copes even with dangerous types of HPV (16 and 18), and they cease to be detected. However, observation by a gynecologist is necessary for several years. The “disappearance” of the virus in tests can create a false sense of security, while hidden processes can continue. And remember that there is no proven cure for HPV yet.
If I have high-risk HPV, does that mean I will definitely get cancer?
No. The development of the oncological process is facilitated by a combination of factors, and the virus is only one of them, so not all HPV carriers will necessarily lead to cancer. Regarding cervical cancer, the main risk factors are chronic inflammation in the genital tract and smoking. But regular observation by a gynecologist and a healthy lifestyle will help avoid the development of oncology. Early changes caused by HPV are highly treatable.
Do condoms protect against HPV?
Condoms must be used during sexual intercourse, but they do not provide a 100% guarantee that you will not become infected: after all, the virus can also be transmitted through oral sex and through the skin.
Is there a vaccine for the virus?
Yes, and very effective. The HPV vaccine is usually given with Gardasil or Cervarix. Vaccination provides approximately a 90% guarantee that HPV will no longer be dangerous for you. Vaccination against the virus is done in 3 stages over several months. Before vaccination, we recommend that you undergo extensive screening for HPV and visit a gynecologist: if the test shows the presence of infection, then you need to discuss the need for vaccination and further actions with your doctor.
I took the HPV test. The analysis came back negative. So I don't have HPV?
No, unfortunately, this is not always the case. In many cases, the virus does not appear immediately. The duration of the incubation period of HPV is still unknown. It should also be taken into account that HPV has a lot of strains, and expanded screening is usually prescribed only if there are deviations from the norm in a cytological study; these factors also complicate diagnosis.
Is it true that women are more often infected with HPV?
Both men and women are equally likely to become infected with HPV. But since cervical cancer in most cases is the result of infection with oncogenic strains of this virus, women are primarily prescribed HPV screening.
Is HPV safe for men?
Of the 42.5% of cases of high-oncogenic risk HPV infection, 25.1% occur in men. In addition, a number of studies have shown a connection between infection with certain strains of HPV and the development of cancer of the penis and anus. Therefore, men also need to be checked and not forget about prevention.
Is HPV transmitted from child to mother during childbirth?
This happens infrequently and is associated only with HPV types 6 and 11 - those that lead to the formation of genital papillomas and genital warts. In order not to take risks, we recommend that you resolve the issue with these formations before pregnancy. To do this, you need to contact a gynecologist.
My partner was diagnosed with HPV. Does this mean he/she is cheating on me?
You shouldn't make hasty conclusions. Remember that the virus can remain latent for quite a long time and appear much later than the moment of infection.
To summarize: what should be done to prevent HPV?
- Get vaccinated against the virus
- Use condoms during sexual intercourse
- Take care of your health: do not miss a scheduled appointment with the gynecologist, take the necessary tests as prescribed by the doctor, do not smoke and be less nervous.
Our gynecologist, reproductive specialist M.I. Bobrova helped in compiling the material.
Observation
- After the disappearance of genital warts, women continue to undergo regular cytological examinations of smears from the cervix (possibly with virus typing) annually.
- If changes are detected in cytological smears from the cervix, patients should be observed once every 6-12 months, depending on the situation, until the process is completely resolved.
- Women with oncogenic types of HPV must undergo cytological and colposcopic examination (if indicated, consultation with appropriate specialists and additional examination).
How to prepare for the analysis?
Preparation for analysis is an important stage on which the result largely depends. Before taking the test, you must exclude the use of local medications (suppositories or vaginal tablets); at least 48 hours must pass after transvaginal ultrasound or colposcopy. If you have previously had a scraping test for HPV using the PCR method, then at least a month should pass between studies, since early collection of material for re-testing may be uninformative and lead to a false result.
How is HPV detected?
Testing for human papillomavirus, known as HPV, is part of the list of preventive screenings against cervical cancer. It is necessary for all women over 28-30 years old. The recommended frequency of preventive tests for papillomavirus is 4-5 years.
HPV can be detected in the early stages using the following testing methods:
PCR is a type of qualitative HPV test that helps confirm or refute the fact of infection. In addition, using PCR analysis, you can determine the type of infection and its oncogenic risks. For analysis, blood is taken or a smear from the cervical canal and uterine cervix.
DIGENE HPV test – analysis of DNA infection through hybrid capture. Belongs to the category of high performance quantitative tests. Compared to PCR, this analysis helps not only to identify the infection, but also to estimate the concentration. A scraping from the uterine cervix or cervical canal is taken for analysis.
You can take any of the tests listed at the Vash Doctor Group of Companies. The cost of the analysis is determined taking into account the method used. In order to get an HPV test, you just need to sign up for tests using an online form or by phone.
Cytological examination of material from the cervix
- Regular cytological examination allows for timely detection and treatment of cervical precancer.
- To detect cervical cancer and precancerous diseases, two methods are used: fixing a smear on a glass slide using an aerosol fixative (classic Pap test) and cytological examination of thin-layer smears of liquid preparations (in Russia this method is available in some laboratories).
- Cytologic examination of thin-layer smears of liquid preparations in women who are not at high risk is more sensitive than conventional smear-on-slide examination; such smears are less likely to be unusable. Regular cytological examination of cervical smears is necessary for all sexually active women (3 years after the onset of sexual activity, according to North American recommendations, and from the age of 25 years, according to European recommendations).
- There are recommendations from the Cervical Cancer Prevention Network, according to which, if immunity is normal, cytological examination should be performed annually or every 3-5 years.
- Patients with immunodeficiency, especially HIV-infected patients, require closer attention. Patient management is planned individually. Cervical cancer is more common in women living with HIV and those who have not been regularly screened.
