Low or increased specific gravity of urine - what does it mean?

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Increased specific gravity of urine - where does it come from?

Increased specific gravity of urine may be due to too low fluid intake. Therefore, it is very important to optimize the consumption of drinks before the study so that insufficient quantities do not distort the results.

However, if an undeniably high urine specific gravity is obtained, this may indicate glycosuria or heart failure . This concentration also occurs during chronic and high fever, during diarrhea and when the person being studied takes certain medications, such as dextran.

Excessive specific gravity of urine during pregnancy may indicate the above-mentioned painful conditions - however, it should be emphasized that this is rare.

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Norms for adults and children

The total volume of fluid involved in metabolic processes is not a constant value. Factors such as:

• air temperature;
• drinking regime;
• current time of day;
• the presence of salty or spicy foods on the menu;
• the amount of fluid released by sweating and breathing.

However, normally in an adult, variations should fall within the range of 1.014-1.025 g/liter (normosthenuria).

During pregnancy, the range of daily values ​​can be wider - 1.003-1.035. The reasons for this are partly toxicosis, nausea and vomiting, which causes dehydration.

If there is a deviation of the indicator (in the analysis form –), the following is distinguished:

• isosthenuria – SG fluctuations within limited limits – 1.010-1.012;
• hyposthenuria – decrease in SG less than 1.010 (1.008);
• hypersthenuria – increase in SG to 1.025 (1.030) and higher.

An increase in density can also be initiated by factors such as:

• presence of sugar in the blood – 1% per 0.004 g/liter;
• the presence of protein in urine - 3 g/liter of protein corresponds to an increase in SG by 0.001.

Normal specific gravity values ​​for children can be summarized in the table:

In general, a specific gravity value of 1.020 g/liter is above the norm for children.

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When is urine specific gravity assessed?

A general urine test should be carried out prophylactically once a year . Urine specific gravity testing is recommended for: pregnant women, people with diabetes, hypertension, jaundice and urinary tract diseases, and those with relatively low or high sodium concentration in the blood.

To be reliable, a urine test should be performed on an empty stomach . The last meal should be consumed no later than 18:00 the previous day, and liquids should not be consumed for 8 hours before taking the sample.

The examination should not be carried out during menstruation. In addition, on the day before it you should avoid eating beets, berries, rhubarb, etc., because they change the color of the urine.

To obtain the sample correctly, you must prepare in advance a special container purchased from a pharmacy . Before donating urine, you should rinse the area around the urethral opening with water. Then a small amount of urine should be put into the toilet, and only then into a container. The prepared sample should be delivered to the laboratory within an hour.

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The specific gravity of urine is below normal - reasons

The specific gravity of urine below normal may be a consequence of drinking water before the test. Therefore, you should remember this and optimize your fluid intake before submitting the sample to the laboratory .

If, despite this, the specific gravity of the urine is low, this may indicate painful conditions. May indicate, for example, glomerular or interstitial nephritis (renal failure or impaired renal function), diabetes mellitus or thyroid dysfunction (underfunction, hyperfunction), as well as indicate electrolyte or hormonal imbalances.

In rare cases, decreased urine specific gravity indicates severe kidney infections . This condition also occurs during pregnancy. Most often this is not alarming, as this may be due to increased fluid intake. A pregnant woman takes them as much as possible; if, for example, she previously drank 2 liters per day, then during pregnancy the consumption is 3 liters per day. Therefore, low urine specific gravity very rarely indicates kidney disease during pregnancy (although it is possible).

Deviation from normal indicators

There are two types of changes in this indicator. 1. Specific gravity exceeds the norm. An increase in the concentration of urine is a consequence of certain processes of a pathological nature.

• Increasing edema occurs, which is caused by glomerulonephritis or insufficient renal function.
• Various pathologies of hormonal origin.
• Excessive loss of fluid from the body due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, and blood loss.
• Damage to abdominal organs and intestinal obstruction.
• Vomiting in pregnant women.
• High doses of antibiotics.
• Kidney pathologies of an acute or chronic nature.

There are many factors that increase the density of urine. These may be metabolic disorders or diseases of the reproductive and urinary apparatus. This phenomenon can also be observed with physiological changes - increased sweating and thirst after eating salt. Oddly enough, the increased specific gravity of urine has its own clear manifestations

• The volume of urine is reduced.
• Urine has a darker color.
• The smell of urine is quite unpleasant.
• The appearance of edema is noted.
• The patient begins to experience swelling.
• The patient is weak, drowsy and prone to getting tired quickly.
• Pain in the lower back and abdomen is common.

In children, increased density may occur due to the presence of pathologies that are congenital or acquired. Very often, children are affected by intestinal infections due to weak immunity, and in case of poisoning, as is known, a lot of fluid is lost. You can separately consider diabetes mellitus, in which an increase in the weight of urine is based on the high content of sugars in it. Or if there is protein and breakdown products in the urine. Urine will be denser. To identify any such pathology, certain tests must be carried out.

2. Decrease in relative density Sometimes, after any illness, the doctor recommends that the patient consume more water and other drinks to quickly remove toxins and replenish fluid balance. Such replenishment will most likely reduce the concentration of dry sediment and dilute the urine; such dilution is physiological in nature. It is also considered normal for a decrease in urine concentration in the heat, when a person drinks a lot, or when taking diuretics. There are a number of reasons that cause pathological dilution.

1. Neurogenic diabetes, characterized by a decrease in the synthesis of pituitary hormones.
2. Nephrogenic diabetes, which occurs when nephron cells become tolerant to antidiuretic hormone.
3. Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.
4. Nervous disorders due to stress and depression.
5. Inflammation of the kidney tubules.

The condition of reduced density (hyposthenuria) requires diagnostic measures, as it can have quite serious causes. For further diagnosis, it is necessary to prescribe tests that determine exactly the functional component. Zimnitsky test, carried out in drinking mode and concentration test. It is worth remembering that if the change in night density is permanent, you need to urgently consult a doctor who will help you deal with the problem and find its cause.

Density reduced

• Polyuria (frequent urination) with heavy fluid intake;
• Polyuria due to taking diuretics;
• Nutritional dystrophy (hyposthenuria is temporary);
• Interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the kidney tubules) in chronic and acute form;
• Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis in acute and chronic form;
• Other kidney diseases: nephritis;
• amyloidosis;
• cysts;
• nephrosclerosis (replacement of kidney connective tissue);
• oncological processes;

Carrying out analysis

Determination of density is carried out using a urometer apparatus. Urine along the wall is placed in a special cylinder; if the process is accompanied by the appearance of foam, then it must be removed. The entire cylinder is placed in the device. It should be noted that if the patient cannot go to the toilet himself, then urine must be collected with a catheter. The density is determined by the level of the underlying meniscus of the apparatus scale; therefore, the cylinder and the apparatus should not be in contact. There are situations when the volume of urine obtained is too small, then it is diluted with distilled water and all calculations are made taking into account the degree of dilution. And so, when diagnosing using this method, qualitative and quantitative indicators are taken into account. A mixture of chloroform and benzene is placed in a cylinder, and a drop of the test liquid is dropped into it. If she drowned, then the urine density is too high, if she floated, then it is low. By adding each of the components in parts, they ensure that the material under study is in the middle of the liquids. The density of the urine will be equal to the density of the resulting solution. It is worth remembering that the urometer was calibrated at 15 C, which means that it is necessary to make an adjustment for the ambient temperature. At high temperatures, a person always drinks more and loses more fluid, and at low temperatures, he consumes very little fluid. All this, of course, influences, and daily changes in density.